A report into the language of vaccines
To expand on our evidence-driven approach to selecting our Word of the Year, we have produced A report into the language of vaccines, which examines in detail the extraordinary rise in vaccine related language developments, in a year that saw technological innovation influence the way we communicate in our day to day lives. Our team of expert lexicographers have monitored and analysed these changes to the lexicon as they happened, and as events continue to unfold.
We examine the data-based evidence of vaccine-related changes to the lexicon, including its history, neologisms, and regional variations. For the first time this year our report also examines how the language of vaccines has influenced languages other than English, looking at a selection of the most-spoken languages across the globe.
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Количество просмотров 7.4K
У крупных английских словарей перед новогодними праздниками есть традиция. Они выбирают «слово года», которым можно охарактеризовать происходящее за последние двенадцать месяцев. И нет, матерные слова нельзя, так что приходится проявлять фантазию.
В прошлом году Оксфордский словарь не смог выбрать одно-единственное слово и выдал сразу 16. В этом году все скромнее, поэтому мы решили разобрать все «слова года» от топовых словарей. Поехали.
Oxford Dictionary: Vax
Лексикографы Оксфордского словаря провели масштабное исследование и определили, что слово Vax (вакцина) в этом году выбилось в абсолютные лидеры.
Само слово достаточно редкое. До 2020 года на десять миллионов лексем в интернете оно встречалось всего один-два раза. В 2020 году вакцины активно обсуждали только в узких медицинских и исследовательских кругах, поэтому на общей статистике слова это не отразилось никак.
В 2021 году ситуация изменилась кардинально. Многие государства запустили активные рекламные кампании про необходимость вакцинации, которые тиражировались в СМИ и соцсетях. Частота слова Vax увеличилась в 72 раза — и продолжает расти.
В отчете «Слово года 2021» лингвисты OED разобрали, как «вакцина» повлияла на английский язык. Оказалось, что довольно сильно. Как минимум, слово vaccinated сейчас во многих случаях сокращают как vaxxed.
Интересно, что слово уже обрастает региональными идиомами и сленгом. К примеру, для слова «вакцинироваться» уже есть несколько популярных заменителей: «get the shot» и «get the jab». Да, укол сравнивают с выстрелом или ударом в челюсть.
В общем, слово выбрали действительно по повестке. Смущает только одно. Почему в отчете OED в разделе про русский язык сделали такой странный дизайн?
Merriam Webster: Vaccine
Словарь Merriam Webster решил списать у OED, но не один в один. Своим словом года он выбрал «vaccine» (вакцина).
По статистике онлайн-сервиса, в 2021 году слово vaccine искали на 601% больше раз, чем в 2020. А если сравнивать с 2019 годом, то частота поиска увеличилась на 1048% — больше чем в 10 раз.
Самый пик в статистике случился в июле, когда многие штаты в США ввели обязательную вакцинацию для медицинских сотрудников и государственных структур.
Кроме лидера рейтинга MW также опубликовали шортлист топ-слов, которые лучше всего отражают события 2021 года. Вот они:
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Insurrection (восстание) — отсылается к событиям января 2021 года, когда большая группа американцев, не согласных в результатами выборов президента США, штурмовали и захватили Капитолий.
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Nomad (кочевник) — слово вошло сюда из-за оглушительной популярности фильма «Земля кочевников» («Nomadland»), который в 2021 году выиграл три Оскара, два «Золотых глобуса», четыре премии BAFTA и еще целую кучу более мелких наград.
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Infrastructure (инфраструктура) — в апреле президент США Джон Байден анонсировал план изменения инфраструктуры страны ценой в 2,3 трлн долларов. Он вызвал очень много обсуждений и споров, поэтому слово здесь.
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Cicada (цикада) — у цикад особый жизненный цикл. Они 17 лет живут под землей, а после вылетают на сезон размножения. Именно весной 2021 года 15 штатов США потерпали от невероятного нашествия цикад.
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Murraya (муррайя) — вид вечнозеленого кустарника. А здесь он потому, что именно с помощью этого слова Залия Авангарде выиграла национальный конкурс Spelling Bee. Если вдруг кто не в курсе, это именно там нужно называть правильное написание слова по буквам.
Это не все слова из шортлиста. Если хотите ознакомиться с полным списком, читайте здесь. А мы пойдем дальше.
Dictionary.com: Allyship
Allyship — это «союзничество», практика подчеркивания социальной справедливости. И как объясняют лингвисты сервиса, они специально не концентрировались на коронавирусе, потому что он был на повестке в прошлом году. Много чести одному событию занимать несколько лет подряд. Поэтому они сконцентрировались на другом.
Allyship отсылает сразу на целый ворох конфликтов и обсуждений. Вот цитата из отчета:
In 2021, allyship was increasingly discussed in relation to historically marginalized groups, especially Black and LGBTQ+ communities. There was also noticeable discussion of engaging in allyship for other specific groups: for parents balancing work and childcare during school shutdowns. For healthcare workers, teachers, flight attendants, and retail and service industry workers. For all of the people disproportionately burdened by a pandemic that has claimed over 5 million lives—and counting, even as many of us try to get back to some kind of normal.
В 2021 году союзничество активно обсуждалось в отношении к исторически изолированным группам, в особенности чернокожих и представителей LGBTQ+ сообщества. Были также заметные дискуссии насчет союзничества в других особых группах: для родителей, которые пытались уравновесить работу и уход за детьми, когда школы были закрыты на карантин. Для медработников, учителей, бортпроводников, а также сотрудников сферы услуг и продаж. Для всех тех людей, несоразмерно отягощенных пандемией, что отняла свыше 5 миллионов жизней — и это число растет, хоть и многие из нас пытаются вернуться в нормальный ритм жизни.
Лингвисты Dictionary решили объединить все существующие повестки прошедшего года одним словом. Это получилось сделать, но с оговоркой.
Сервис утверждает, что в этом году слово вошло в топ-850 наиболее искомых слов, а частота поиска увеличилась за год в 7 раз. Почему такой странный топ, не спрашивайте, мы не в курсе.
Вот только в целом как-то неубедительно. Другие словари ни слова об allyship не говорили. Так что скорее всего, это просто субъективный выбор экспертов, а не результат глубокой аналитики поиска сервиса.
Collins Dictionary: NFT
WTF? Было бы отличное слово для 2021 года, но жаль, что это не совсем оно. Хотя Коллинзы вспомнили еще одну невообразимую тенденцию 2021 года, которая немного потерялась за всеми коронавирусными новостями.
NFT — это аббревиатура от non-fungible tokens. Невзаимозаменяемые токены — это вид криптографических токенов, которые существуют только в единственном экземпляре. А еще это своеобразный сертификат, который подтверждает право на владение цифровым активом.
Помните историю про то, что право собственности на мем Nyan Cat купили за 600 тысяч долларов? Вот этот мем, если что:
Так вот, рынок цифровых предметов искусства NFT сейчас оценивают в 250 млн долларов. И это офигеть как много, если учитывать тот факт, что токены никак не ограничивают использование этого самого предмета искусства. Даже если вы владеете токеном, любой может переслать мемчик другу или запостить его в своем аккаунте FB или Instagram. Формально нет законов и даже прецедентов, которые регулируют авторское право NFT.
В шортлист Collins Dictionary попали и другие слова, которые отлично характеризуют 2021 год. И мы искренне восхищаемся гифками и картинками, которые они сделали. Вот еще пара примеров:
Cambridge Dictionary: Perseverance
Perseverance — это «упорство», «стойкость», «самоотдача». Слово и так хорошее в рамках сложного 2021 года, но оно еще отсылается на событие, которое невозможно игнорировать.
Ведь в феврале весь мир наблюдал, как марсоход «Perseverance» выполнил самую важную часть миссии исследования Марса — посадку на поверхность планеты. Именно при приземлении наиболее высокие риски, что что-то пойдет не так и миссия закончится провалом. Мы тоже следили за происходящим и даже разбирали космическую лексику в этом материале.
Разработка миссии на Марс началась в 2013 году, поэтому от правильной посадки зависела судьба 8-летнего труда сотен человек.
Посадка прошла идеально и ровер приступил к работе. Сейчас марсоход продолжает сбор образцов грунта и анализ поверхности «красной планеты» на предмет воды и органических соединений.
Если остальные словари сосредоточились на событиях социальных и культурных, то Кембриджский словарь решил поддержать научную сферу. Но слово все равно получилось с намеком, ведь именно упорство и стойкость нужны обществу сейчас больше всего. Не только в науке, но и в быту.
Вот так выглядят слова года от разных словарей английского языка. На самом деле их куда больше, но мы взяли только самые известные и популярные сервисы.
А какое слово лучше всего описывает 2021 год по вашему мнению? Пишите в комменты. Только это, держите себя в руках
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2021 is almost at an end, and here at Cambridge Dictionary we have been looking back on the past year and what it has meant for you. We wanted to choose a word that represented your experiences as learners of English, and we are happy to announce that our Word of the Year 2021 is… perseverance!
Perseverance is defined as ‘continued effort to do or achieve something, even when this is difficult or takes a long time’. It is related to the verb persevere. We often talk about showing perseverance in the face of adversity (= despite a difficult or unlucky situation or event). In 2021, people all over the world have had to show perseverance in the face of challenges and disruption to our lives from COVID-19 and other problems.
Perseverance is almost always a positive word that expresses our admiration for people who keep going in difficult situations. The readers of this blog have definitely shown perseverance in improving their knowledge of English by regularly reading, sharing and responding to posts. You might find it encouraging to learn that we usually use perseverance to talk about an effort that is eventually successful. We certainly hope that your perseverance has paid off (= been successful) this year!
We know that the reason why so many of you keep coming back to the Cambridge Dictionary is because our definitions are written especially for learners of English and are based on expert research into how English is really used. These strengths were very important to us in choosing the 2021 Word of the Year.
The word perseverance is not usually used by learners of English, but our data showed that our users across the globe looked it up over 243,000 times in 2021. 30,487 of these searches were between February 18 and February 24, after NASA’s Perseverance Rover landed on Mars on February 18. When people read or heard the rover’s name in the news, they came to the Cambridge Dictionary to learn what it meant. This is a great example of how the language we use is influenced by current events.
Did you know that the Cambridge Dictionary doesn’t just give you the definitions of words like perseverance, and examples of how these words can be used in a sentence, but lots of extra information as well? If you want to learn about synonyms of perseverance, you can look it up in our Cambridge Thesaurus article, which explains the differences in meaning between perseverance, determination, persistence, doggedness, single-mindedness, tenacity, resolve, will, and the US term stick-to-it-iveness. We also have a Cambridge Thesaurus article full of words that you can use to describe a person who shows perseverance, including persevering, determined and dogged. If you log in to Cambridge Dictionary +Plus (it’s free to use!) you can also test your knowledge of words to do with perseverance with our new word list.
Find out more about our Word of the Year 2021, or read about previous Words of the Year on the About Words blog.
How have you shown perseverance this year? What do you think about our Word of the Year? Share your thoughts in the comments!
2021 was a year defined by the many ongoing impacts of the pandemic and the polarization of 2020—and the various ways we continue to grapple with them.
The vastness of such a year could never be fully summarized with a single word. But there is one word that’s intertwined with so many of the things we’ve experienced in 2021: allyship, our 2021 Word of the Year.
allyship (noun): the status or role of a person who advocates and actively works for the inclusion of a marginalized or politicized group in all areas of society, not as a member of that group but in solidarity with its struggle and point of view and under its leadership.
As our Word of the Year for 2021, allyship carries a special distinction this year: It marks the first time we’ve chosen a word that’s new to our dictionary as our Word of the Year.
Our addition of the word allyship to our dictionary in 2021—not to mention our decision to elevate it as our top word for the year—captures important ways the word continues to evolve in our language and reflects its increased prominence in our discourse.
Allyship acts as a powerful prism through which to view the defining events and experiences of 2021—and, crucially, how the public processed them. It also serves as a compelling throughline for much of our lexicographical, editorial, and educational work across Dictionary.com and Thesaurus.com this year.
And while we must acknowledge that efforts at allyship are all too often insufficient and imperfect, the word nonetheless stands out for its role in the path out of the continued crises of 2020 for a better 2022.
Other words in our Word of the Year shortlist include critical race theory, burnout, and vaccine, all of which speak to important aspects of 2021 in their own distinct ways.
Allyship in the dictionary, discourse, and data
The word allyship combines the noun ally, “a person who advocates for or supports a marginalized or politicized group but is not a member of the group,” and –ship, a noun-forming suffix here denoting “status, condition.”
This specific sense of the word ally is, notably, one we also updated this year. Developing out of the word’s general meaning of “supporter,” the application of ally in contexts of social justice is first evidenced as early as the 1940s in an article by Albert W. Hamilton on “allies on the front of racial justice” for Black people. The article, notably, features the term white allies, which has proliferated ever since. Another now-common term, straight allies—non-LGBTQ+ supporters of the LGBTQ+ community—dates back to at least the 1970s.
📚 Did you know? While the word allyship dates back to the mid-1800s, the word ally itself is much older in the English language. It’s first recorded around 1250–1300, ultimately coming into French from the Latin alligāre, “to bind together, combine, unite,” which is in turn based on ligāre, “to bind.” This Latin verb is the source of many other English words, including alloy, league, ligament, obligation, religion, and rely.
While newly added to our dictionary this year, allyship is, of course, not a new word in the English language. It’s first attested around 1850 in a broader sense of “the relationship or status of persons, groups, or nations associating and cooperating with one another for a common cause.” Its primary meaning today—when a person who is not a member of a marginalized group works for its inclusion in society—spread in the 1990s.
But use of the word allyship skyrocketed in the past 15 years. In fact, since 2011, frequency of the word, according to our data analyses from various corpora (big, searchable collections of texts), has surged an average of over 700%, including a steep rise in 2020 that continued into 2021. The word ally itself landed within the top 850 of the many thousands of search terms that led people to Dictionary.com this year. What’s more, the top related search for allyship in 2021 is definitional in nature: what is allyship, which underscores the timeliness and relevance of our adding allyship this year.
Allyship at work, school, and home
Topics people searched in conjunction with allyship in 2021 also reveal how the word brings together themes that defined many of our work, school, and home lives over this year—including new and newly prominent vocabulary that we used to talk about them.
One of these searches was workplace. Indeed, as the country continued to reckon with racism in 2021, many businesses and organizations began efforts to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion, or DEI for short. These efforts extended into the classroom, where critical race theory (CRT), both as a term and topic, became a defining flashpoint in 2021. Work and school were also defined by COVID-19 vaccines—as well as antivax opposition to them and the disease’s Delta, Omicron, and other named variants.
We added the word allyship this year to document its specific sense that has become more prevalent in recent years. But the word continues to evolve:
In 2021, allyship was increasingly discussed in relation to historically marginalized groups, especially Black and LGBTQ+ communities. There was also noticeable discussion of engaging in allyship for other specific groups: for parents balancing work and childcare during school shutdowns, especially mothers taking on the bulk of caregiving. For healthcare workers, teachers, flight attendants, and retail and service industry workers. For all of the people disproportionately burdened by a pandemic that has claimed over 5 million lives—and counting, even as many of us try to get back to some kind of normal.
Shows of support and advocacy for these groups in 2021 point to ways in which the term allyship is giving name to ever more nuanced ideas of social justice and is increasingly being extended to contexts of support outside of racial, gender, and sexual identity, such as disability and economic status.
Allyship in news and culture
The word allyship also brings together many of the defining new stories of 2021: anti-Asian racism; the Chauvin and Rittenhouse trials; Britney Spears’s conservatorship; Simone Biles’s twisties and the mental health of athletes; the Great Resignation; the US withdrawal from Afghanistan and its impacts, including on the country’s women and girls as well as all who served and died in the war; media coverage of violent crimes and the phenomenon known as “missing white woman syndrome”; and that collective, pervasive feeling of burnout, all amid an unrelenting climate emergency.
These events were notable not only in their own right, of course, but also because of the ways we largely reacted to and discussed them through the lens of who gets a voice, who deserves empathy, and who and what is valued. This was a lens of allyship.
According to corpus data, the word that, far and away, most commonly precedes allyship is performative. The three next most frequent collocations are true, white, and real. Despite the best intentions of societal efforts to foster allyship, use of the term allyship is frequently concerned about how such efforts often fall short and what it means to be an authentic ally.
📝What’s performative allyship?
In the context of allyship, the word performative is often used in contrast with what’s considered real or true allyship. Describing people’s actions as performative suggests that they are simply “playing the part” of being an ally instead of actually supporting the people they claim to—often by centering themselves in the situation.
In this sense, allyship is often considered a status that must be continuously earned—not one that’s simply declared by oneself and worn like a merit badge. In other words, allyship can be understood as an ongoing journey, not a final destination. Not unlike a dictionary: always updating, never a finished product.
On the other side of the spectrum, the use of words like allyship is sometimes criticized as “woke for the sake of being woke”—often as a way of dismissing the very idea that inequality exists among different groups.
On the other side of this lens, on the other side of allyship, is the division that came to a disturbing and deadly head in the event that opened 2021: the attack on the US Capitol on January 6. It was a defining moment not only for politics this year, but also for the history of our democracy. The attack sent searches for insurrection, coup, sedition, and related words to some of the highest-trending levels on Dictionary.com all year.
Allyship across Dictionary.com
The word allyship also brings together much of the lexicographical and educational work we did across Dictionary.com in 2021.
This year, we continued updating our dictionary to better document and describe the changing language of identity and justice in society. Significant areas we addressed were:
- Accessibility language: Examples include new entries for screen reader, alt text, and various distinct types of captioning.
- DEI topics and terms: Examples include entries for DEI, JEDI, CRT, UBI, and minoritize.
- Disability language: Examples include extensive notes at special, disability, and disabled discussing person-first vs. identity-first language for disabilities, and the preference of straightforward disabled or with a disability over older terms (handicapped) and overly euphemistic language (special, challenged).
- Homelessness: Examples include new entries for unhoused and unsheltered and replacing most descriptions of people as homeless with these new terms or with experiencing homelessness.
- Identity language: Examples include new entries for AAPI and BIPOC, revising entries to capitalize Indigenous when referring to people, and replacing the noun slave with enslaved person.
- Mental health: Examples include new entries for content warning and trigger warning.
- Minoritized religions: Examples include revisions to Voodoo and related entries.
- Nonnative speakers: Examples include translanguaging, which is increasingly preferred to code-switching.
Altogether, these updates touched hundreds of entries. Our lexicographers also updated our thesaurus to include scores of nonbinary pronouns, such as xe and zie.
Read more about many of these changes, along with ongoing COVID, tech, pop culture, and other updates to our dictionary, in our spring and summer announcements.
Supporting these updates was an array of editorial content providing in-depth context on these often confusing—and challenging—areas of language change.
This content—amounting to over 60 articles—spanned defining identity terms and DEI topics (e.g., CODA, cultural competence) to providing more inclusive coverage of important occasions across diverse peoples and cultures (e.g., BIPOC Mental Health Month, International Transgender Day of Remembrance, Onam, Installation of Guru Granth Sahib) and extensive explainers on some of the most pressing topics of language and identity today. Some highlights of the latter include:
- The Language Of Ageism: Understanding How We Talk About Older People
- The Evolving Language Around The Autism Spectrum: What You Need To Know
- How To Talk About Mental Health: Do’s, Don’ts, And Words To Know
- Understanding The Caribbean: The Countries, People, And Words That Come From The Region
- Understanding Native American Heritage: The Tribes, Languages, And Culture
- Indigenous Peoples’ Day, Columbus Day, And The Language Of Indigenous Identities
- How To Use Gender-Neutral Language To Promote Inclusivity
Allyship in education
This year at Dictionary.com, we’ve been committed more than ever before to becoming an education ally. From building out the features of Grammar Coach™ and the Dictionary Academy™ to bringing the learning-management system Skillo into our company, we continue to expand our offerings as a dictionary and thesaurus into more robust educational products to meet the real needs of teachers and learners in a variety of learning environments.
Allyship into the future
Finally, allyship has the power to bring us all together. In trying and divided times, the word allyship sounds a much-needed note of hope, optimism, and possibility for the future—hopefully a future in which the word is not just given lip service, but lived out.
Here’s to hoping we can all get allied around that.
Back to Word of the Year 2022
Word of the Year 2021
Posted on 29 November 2021
What is the Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year
Each year, the Macquarie Dictionary calls together a selected Committee to discuss the new words and definitions that have entered the Macquarie Dictionary over the year. The aim of this is to select one of these to be awarded the Word of the Year.
As part of this process, our editors create a longlist of words (view a pdf of the longlist here) which over the course of a few hours (and one podcast episode, coming very soon), are whittled down into a short list. And from this, a Word of the Year is chosen.
Usually, we would announce the Committee’s Choice and then open up the shortlist for a public vote for the People’s Choice, but this year, we kept it under wraps until voting closed to announce both words together. You can check out the shortlist here and scroll down for more!
Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year 2021: strollout
The Committee for the Word of the Year 2021 met in early November 2021 to discuss the new words entered into the Macquarie Dictionary over the previous year. A longlist of just over 75 words from 16 categories (more on those here) was whittled down to just 19 up for contention as the official Word of the Year.
The Committee this year was comprised of:
- David Astle — crossword maker, radio host, and writer
- Nick Enfield — Professor of Linguistics, University of Sydney
- Kim Scott — award-winning author, Professor of Creative Writing, Curtin University
- Tiger Webb — language research specialist, ABC
- Victoria Morgan — Managing Editor, Macquarie Dictionary
- Alison Moore — Chief Editor, Macquarie Dictionary
The selection for the Committee’s Choice and People’s Choice Word of the Year 2021 is strollout.
For only the second time, the People’s Choice is the same as the Committee’s Choice, and it was a clear winner, way ahead of the rest of the field. There are obviously strong feelings about the actual ‘strollout’, but the word’s popularity is no doubt influenced by that Australian wryness evident in its construction. –THE MACQUARIE DICTIONARY
Strollout has two levels: at one level it’s got a transparency and a play on words, but at that deeper level, when you think about the significance of it . . . it’s a really important marker for this time in Australia’s history. –THE COMMITTEE
And the Honourable Mentions are menty-b, last chance tourism and Delta.
The Committee and Macquarie Dictionary editors had this to comment on these choices.
menty-b
The ability to discuss our mental health in a relaxed way is vital, as we navigate the pandemic, and menty-b is a sign that we’re doing it. It’s not ponderous or serious — it’s an easy way into an important discussion. –THE COMMITTEE
Delta
Part of a system introduced to replace the naming of COVID variants after places, with the stigma that entails, Delta is not an inventive word, but this variant has dominated our lives. 2021 has been the year we’ve been stomped by Godzilla, and Godzilla happens to be called Delta. –THE COMMITTEE
last-chance tourism
This speaks of a shared concern about the environment, and it puts it in such a provocative way, with that particular dilemma of ‘tourism’ right there. –THE COMMITTEE
While the People’s Choice voting agreed with Delta and menty-b being runners-up, they switched out last chance tourism for porch pirate.
porch pirate
A fun, alliterative, almost affectionate, term for a crook who has found, in the increase in home deliveries during COVID, the perfect work environment. Another humorous construction for something serious. –THE MACQUARIE DICTIONARY
Word of the Year 2021 shortlist
You can access the shortlist, including all the definitions, on our blog here. You can also download a pdf of the definitions here. And see them all below. Which of these 19 contenders will be the Word of the Year?
All our images were created by @isabelmoondesign.