1 which word is a gerund a write b writing c written

1) Which word is a gerund? a) write b) writing c) written d) writes 2) Which word is most often followed by a gerund? a) want b) enjoy c) decide 3) …………..helps to keep me fit. a) To running b) Run c) Running d) Runing 4) ……….wasting my money. a) Don’t b) Stop c) Let’s d) To 5) Which word is most often followed by a gerund? a) an b) by c) to 6) Sarah lost 50 kilos by……………. a) exercise everyday b) to exercise everyday c) exercising everyday 7) Which sentence is correct? a) I would like to having a bath. b) I enjoy to try new things. c) I need to finding a new job. d) I would like to have an ice- cream. 8) Which sentence is correct? a) Please sit down and keeping quiet. b) I learn French from watching movies. c) Let’s trying something new. d) Please sitting down and keeping quiet. 9) Which sentence is NOT correct? a) I want to buy a new skirt. b) Saving water is a good way. c) I want buying a new skirt. d) She dislikes saving money. 10) I look forward to………………. a) meet you again b) met you again c) meeting you again d) meets you again

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Герундий

The gerund is a non-finite form of the verb. The other non-finite verb forms are the infinitive and the participle. (Brief description of non-finite verb forms, or verbals, can be found in Verbs Glossary of Terms in the section Grammar.)

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола. Другие неличные формы глагола – инфинитив и причастие. (Краткое описание неличных форм глагола (non-finite forms, или verbals) можно найти в материале Verbs Glossary of Terms в разделе Grammar.)

Forms of gerund

Формы герундия

Gerunds are formed from verbs by adding ING: be – being; go – going; play – playing; talk – talking; write – writing. Gerunds can be formed from most verbs (except modal verbs).

Герундий образуется от глаголов прибавлением ING: be – being; go – going; play – playing; talk – talking; write – writing. Герундий можно образовать от большинства глаголов (кроме модальных глаголов).

The gerund has the following forms: simple active (asking, writing); perfect (having asked, having written); passive (being asked, being written); perfect passive (having been asked, having been written). These forms are also called «simple gerund (or simple ing-form); perfect gerund; passive gerund; perfect passive gerund».

Герундий имеет следующие формы: простая активная (asking, writing); перфектная (having asked, having written); пассивная (being asked, being written); перфектная пассивная (having been asked, having been written). Эти формы также называются «simple gerund (или simple ing-form); perfect gerund; passive gerund; perfect passive gerund».

The simple active form and the passive form usually express an action that is simultaneous with the action expressed by the main verb. The perfect form and the perfect passive form express an action that precedes the action expressed by the main verb.

Простая активная форма и пассивная форма обычно выражают действие, одновременное с действием, выраженным основным глаголом. Перфектная форма и перфектная пассивная форма выражают действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному основным глаголом.

The simple form of the gerund is the most common. The compound forms of the gerund are used more rarely, mostly in writing.

Простая форма герундия наиболее употребительна. Сложные формы герундия употребляются реже, в основном в письменной речи.

Forms of gerund: Examples and notes on usage

Формы герундия: Примеры и заметки по употреблению

Asking questions is his hobby. (asking – simple form)

Задавание вопросов – его хобби. (asking – простая форма)

I completely forgot having asked him to wait for me there. (having asked – perfect form)

Я совсем забыл, что попросил его подождать меня там. (having asked – перфектная форма)

She doesn’t like being asked such questions. (being asked – passive form)

Она не любит, когда ей задают такие вопросы. (being asked – пассивная форма)

He could not remember ever having been asked to do such a thing. (having been asked – perfect passive form)

Он не помнил, чтобы его когда-либо просили сделать такое. (having been asked – перфектная пассивная форма)

Perfect forms

Перфектные формы

The simple active form of the gerund is often used instead of the perfect form in those cases where it is not necessary to stress that the action expressed by the gerund precedes the action expressed by the main verb (provided that the context is clear). For example:

Простая активная форма герундия часто употребляется вместо перфектной формы в тех случаях, где не нужно подчёркивать, что действие, выраженное герундием, предшествует действию, выраженному основным глаголом (при условии, что контекст ясен). Например:

I remember asking her about it. I don’t remember being asked about it. He mentioned reading it in a magazine. He thanked them for inviting him. He apologized for losing my book.

Я помню, что я спрашивал её об этом. Я не помню, чтобы меня спрашивали об этом. Он упомянул, что читал это в журнале. Он поблагодарил их за то, что они пригласили его. Он извинился за то, что потерял мою книгу.

Passive forms

Пассивные формы

After the verbs «need, require, want» in the meaning «need cleaning, repairing, improving» and after the adjective «worth», the active form of the gerund is used, not the passive form. (The infinitive in the same meaning is used in the passive form after these verbs. The infinitive is not used after the adjective «worth».) For example:

После глаголов «need, require, want» в значении «нуждаться в чистке, ремонте, улучшении» и после прилагательного «worth» (стоящий чего-то), употребляется активная форма герундия, а не пассивная. (Инфинитив в таком же значении употребляется в пассивной форме после этих глаголов. Инфинитив не употребляется после прилагательного «worth».) Например:

The house needs painting. This lock needs repairing. His car requires painting. Your coat wants cleaning. (Infinitive: His car needs to be painted / to be repaired / to be cleaned.) This book is worth reading.

Дом нужно покрасить. Этот замок нужно починить. Его машину нужно покрасить. Твоё пальто нужно почистить. (Инфинитив: Его машину нужно покрасить / починить / вымыть.) Эту книгу стоит прочитать.

Negative forms

Отрицательные формы

Depending on the meaning, the negative particle «not» is placed between the auxiliary verb and the main verb (to negate the action of the main verb) or before the gerund (to negate the action of the gerund).

В зависимости от значения, отрицательная частица «not» ставится между вспомогательным и основным глаголом (для отрицания действия основного глагола) или перед герундием (для отрицания действия герундия).

«Not» between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: He did not apologize for losing my book. She doesn’t like having to work on Saturdays.

«Not» между вспомогательным и основным глаголом: Он не извинился за то, что потерял мою книгу. Ей не нравится, что приходится работать по субботам.

«Not» before the gerund: He was fined for not paying his debt. He apologized for not having written his report on time. I’m surprised at not being asked about it. She is disappointed at not having been invited.

«Not» перед герундием: Он был оштрафован за неуплату долга. Он извинился за то, что не написал свой доклад вовремя. Я удивлён, что меня не спрашивают об этом. Она разочарована тем, что её не пригласили.

Note: Gerunds and present participles

Примечание: Герундий и причастие настоящего времени

The gerund and the present participle have the same forms but are used differently. The gerund functions as a noun. For example: Growing tomatoes at home is a difficult task. I need a book on growing tomatoes at home.

Герундий и причастие настоящего времени имеют одинаковые формы, но употребляются по-разному. Герундий функционирует как существительное. Например: Выращивание помидоров дома – трудная задача. Мне нужна книга по выращиванию помидоров дома.

The present participle is used in the formation of the continuous tenses and is also used as an adjective. For example: She is growing tomatoes this year. Growing tomatoes need a lot of sun.

Причастие настоящего времени используется в образовании продолженных времён, а также употребляется как прилагательное. Например: Она выращивает помидоры в этом году. Растущим помидорам нужно много солнца.

Main differences in the use of the present participle and gerund are described in Participle and Gerund in the section Grammar.

Главные различия в употреблении причастия настоящего времени и герундия описаны в материале Participle and Gerund в разделе Grammar.

Properties and functions of gerunds

Свойства и функции герундия

The gerund names an action or state and functions as a noun.

Герундий называет действие или состояние и функционирует как существительное.

The gerund has some properties of the verb. Like verbs, gerunds have active, passive, and perfect forms (sending, being sent, having sent, having been sent), can take a direct object (He likes watching films), and can be modified by an adverb (He is used to working late).

Герундий имеет некоторые свойства глагола. Как и глаголы, герундий имеет активные, пассивные и перфектные формы (sending, being sent, having sent, having been sent), может принимать прямое дополнение (Он любит смотреть фильмы) и может определяться наречием (Он привык работать допоздна).

The gerund has some properties of the noun and can function as the subject (Swimming is good for health), as a predicative noun (His hobby is travelling), as an object (He enjoys reading), as an attribute (The risk of losing money scares him), and as an adverbial modifier (He called her before leaving).

Герундий имеет некоторые свойства существительного и может функционировать как подлежащее (Плавание полезно для здоровья), как предикативное существительное (Его хобби – путешествия), как дополнение (Ему нравится чтение), как определение (Риск потерять деньги пугает его), как обстоятельство (Он позвонил ей перед уходом).

Gerunds and nouns

Герундий и существительные

Like nouns, gerunds often stand after prepositions: Thank you for telling me about it. Her fear of being late is getting on my nerves. They left after signing the agreement.

Как и существительные, герундий часто стоит после предлогов: Спасибо вам за то, что сказали мне об этом. Её страх опоздать действует мне на нервы. Они ушли после того, как подписали договор.

Like nouns, gerunds can stand after possessive forms of nouns and pronouns: Mike’s coming home so late worries us. I was surprised by his leaving her. There was no hope of our getting there on time.

Как и существительные, герундий может стоять после притяжательных форм существительных и местоимений: Приход Майка домой так поздно беспокоит нас. Я был удивлён тем, что он покинул её. Не было надежды, что мы приедем туда вовремя.

If it is clear who performs the action expressed by the gerund, the possessive forms are not necessary. For example, in the sentences «Thank you for helping me» and «Now I understand that going to that party was a mistake», it is not necessary to use «your helping» and «my going» because it is clear that you helped me, and that I myself went to the party.

Если ясно, кто выполняет действие, выраженное герундием, притяжательные формы не нужны. Например, в предложениях «Thank you for helping me» (Спасибо, что помогли мне) и «Now I understand that going to that party was a mistake» (Теперь я понимаю, что идти на ту вечеринку было ошибкой) нет необходимости употреблять «your helping» and «my going», т.к. ясно, что вы помогли мне, и что я сам ходил на вечеринку.

Unlike nouns, gerunds are not used in the plural or with the definite or indefinite article. If you see an ing-form with an article or in the plural, it is a noun ending in «ing». For example, these are nouns: an old saying; loud singing of the birds; the loading of the goods; railroad crossings; his comings and goings.

В отличие от существительных, герундий не употребляется во множественном числе или с артиклем. Если вы видите ing-form с артиклем или во мн. числе, то это существительное, оканчивающееся на «ing». Например, это существительные: старая поговорка; громкое пение птиц; погрузка товаров; железнодорожные переезды; его приходы и уходы.

In many cases, it is preferable to use a suitable noun instead of a gerund. For example: «the time of his arrival; his departure; during the flight», not «the time of his arriving; his departing; during flying».

Во многих случаях, предпочтительно употребить подходящее существительное вместо герундия. Например: «the time of his arrival; his departure; during the flight», а не «the time of his arriving; his departing; during flying».

Substitutes

Заменители

Examples of the use of gerunds in different functions in sentences are given in this material. But it does not mean that only the gerund is used in such situations. In many cases, you can use nouns, infinitives, verbs, and simpler constructions instead of gerunds. For example:

Примеры употребления герундия в различных функциях в предложениях даны в данном материале. Но это не значит, что только герундий употребляется в таких ситуациях. Во многих случаях можно употребить существительное, инфинитив, глагол и более простые конструкции вместо герундия. Например:

Your not wanting to go there surprises me. – I’m surprised that you don’t want to go there.

Ваше нежелание идти туда удивляет меня. – Я удивлён, что вы не хотите идти туда.

They suspect him of having stolen several cars. – They suspect that he has stolen several cars.

Они подозревают его в краже нескольких автомобилей. – Они подозревают, что он украл несколько автомобилей.

He has difficulty understanding these rules. – It’s difficult for him to understand these rules.

У него трудности в понимании этих правил. – Ему трудно понять эти правила.

On coming home, he called his sister. – When he came home / After he came home, he called his sister.

Придя домой, он позвонил сестре. – Когда он пришёл домой / После того, как он пришёл домой, он позвонил сестре.

In general, it is advisable for language learners to use gerunds only in those cases which are frequently found in textbooks and in other educational materials.

В целом, изучающим язык целесообразно употреблять герундий только в тех случаях, которые часто встречаются в учебниках и в других учебных материалах.

Depending on the context and meaning, gerunds are translated into Russian as nouns, verbs, infinitives, or adverbial participles. Note that the differences between gerunds and infinitives, between gerunds and present participles, between gerunds and nouns are often lost in translation into Russian.

В зависимости от контекста и значения, герундий переводится на русский язык как существительное, глагол, инфинитив, или деепричастие. Обратите внимание, что различия между герундием и инфинитивом, между герундием и причастием настоящего времени, между герундием и существительным часто теряются при переводе на русский язык.

Gerund as subject

Герундий как подлежащее

Gerunds in the function of the subject can stand alone or be accompanied by dependent words.

Герундий в функции подлежащего может стоять в одиночестве или сопровождаться зависимыми словами.

Smoking is not allowed here.

Курение здесь не разрешено.

Playing guitar is his favorite occupation.

Игра на гитаре – его любимое занятие.

Finding them became his main goal.

Найти их стало его главной целью.

Reading aloud is very useful for learners of English.

Чтение вслух очень полезно для изучающих английский язык.

Forgetting about her birthday was unforgivable. (It was unforgivable to forget about her birthday.)

Забыть о её дне рождения было непростительно. (Было непростительно забыть о её дне рождения.)

Her telling him about our plans has led to serious problems.

То(т факт), что она рассказала ему о наших планах, привело к серьёзным проблемам.

There is no telling what he might do next. (there is – predicate; gerund «telling» – subject) (It is impossible to tell what he might do next.)

Невозможно сказать, что он может сделать дальше. (there is – сказуемое; герундий «telling» – подлежащее) (Невозможно сказать, что он может сделать дальше.)

(For more examples of «there is» and no+gerund, see «Other cases of use» below.)

(Посмотрите еще примеры «there is» и no+gerund в части «Other cases of use» ниже.)

Gerund after linking verb BE

Герундий после глагола-связки BE

A gerund after the linking verb BE is used in the function of a predicative noun; that is, a gerund stands in the predicative of the compound nominal predicate.

Герундий после глагола-связки BE употребляется в функции предикативного существительного, т.е. герундий стоит в именной части (в предикативе) составного именного сказуемого.

Seeing is believing. (gerund «seeing» – subject; gerund «believing» – in the function of predicative noun)

Увидеть значит поверить. (герундий «seeing» – подлежащее; герундий «believing» – в функции предикативного существительного)

Her hobby is writing short stories.

Её хобби – написание коротких рассказов.

His favorite occupation is playing guitar.

Его любимое занятие – игра на гитаре.

His only wish was passing his exams successfully.

Его единственным желанием было сдать свои экзамены успешно.

Her main concern is helping old people.

Её главная забота – помогать пожилым людям.

Being in their house was like being in a museum devoted to the 19th century. (first gerund «being» – subject; second gerund «being» – as predicative noun)

Пребывание в их доме было похоже на пребывание в музее, посвящённом 19 веку. (первый герундий «being» – подлежащее; второй герундий «being» – как предикативное существительное)

Note: Infinitives are often used in the function of predicative nouns. For example: His favorite occupation is to play guitar. His only wish was to pass his exams. The job of a watchman is to watch over a building at night.

Примечание: Инфинитив часто употребляется в функции предикативного существительного. Например: Его любимое занятие – играть на гитаре. Его единственным желанием было сдать свои экзамены. Работа сторожа – сторожить здание ночью.

Gerund as direct object

Герундий как прямое дополнение

Gerunds in the function of direct objects are used after many verbs, for example, after «admit, advise, allow, avoid, begin, can’t help, continue, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, forbid, give up, go on, imagine, involve, keep, like, mention, mind, postpone, practice, prefer, quit, recommend, risk, stop, suggest». Examples:

Герундий в функции прямого дополнения употребляется после многих глаголов, например, после «admit, advise, allow, avoid, begin, can’t help, continue, deny, discuss, enjoy, finish, forbid, give up, go on, imagine, involve, keep, like, mention, mind, postpone, practice, prefer, quit, recommend, risk, stop, suggest». Примеры:

She suggested visiting Venice.

Она предложила посетить Венецию.

Stop talking. Begin writing. Go on reading. Keep working.

Прекратите разговаривать. Начинайте писать. Продолжайте читать. Продолжайте работать.

He couldn’t help laughing.

Он не мог удержаться от смеха.

Would you mind waiting a little?

Вы не возражали бы подождать немного?

She finished washing the windows and began cooking dinner.

Она закончила мыть окна и начала готовить обед.

You should avoid using such expressions in conversations with her.

Вам следует избегать употребления таких выражений в разговорах с ней.

Note: Gerunds and infinitives after verbs

Примечание: Герундий и инфинитив после глаголов

Differences in the use of gerunds and infinitives after certain verbs, with simple and useful examples, are described in Infinitive or Gerund in the section Grammar.

Различия в употреблении герундия и инфинитива после определённых глаголов, с простыми и полезными примерами, описаны в материале Infinitive or Gerund в разделе Grammar.

In some cases you can use either of them (i.e., gerund or infinitive) after certain verbs, with little or no difference in meaning. For example: He began reading. He began to read. He likes swimming. He likes to swim.

В некоторых случаях можно употребить любой из них (т.е. герундий или инфинитив) после определённых глаголов, с небольшой разницей в значении или без неё. Например: Он начал чтение. Он начал читать. Он любит плавание. Он любит плавать.

In some other cases there is a noticeable difference in meaning. For example: He stopped talking. He stopped to talk to them. I will never forget buying my first car. I will not forget to buy bread.

В других случаях есть заметная разница в значении. Например: Он перестал разговаривать. Он остановился, чтобы поговорить с ними. Я никогда не забуду, как я покупал свою первую машину. Я не забуду купить хлеб.

But in most cases it is necessary to memorize which verb is followed by a gerund and which by an infinitive.

Но в большинстве случаев нужно запомнить, за каким глаголом следует герундий, а за каким инфинитив.

Gerund as prepositional object after phrasal verbs

Герундий как предложное дополнение после фразовых глаголов

Gerunds are often used after prepositions. Gerunds in the function of prepositional indirect objects are used after various phrasal verbs, adjectives and participles that require certain prepositions.

Герундий часто употребляется после предлогов. Герундий в функции предложного косвенного дополнения употребляется после различных фразовых глаголов, прилагательных и причастий, требующих определённых предлогов.

Gerunds as prepositional objects are used after many phrasal verbs, for example, after «accuse of, agree on, apologize for, approve of, believe in, blame for, care about, complain about, complain of, confess to, consent to, consist in, consist of, count on, depend on, disapprove of, dream of, feel like, feel up to, forget about, forgive for, insist on, keep from, lead to, long for, look forward to, mean by, object to, pay for, persist in, prevent from, remind of, result in, return to, save from, succeed in, suspect of, take to, talk into, talk out of, thank for, think about, think of, work on, worry about».

Герундий как предложное дополнение употребляется после многих фразовых глаголов, например, после «accuse of, agree on, apologize for, approve of, believe in, blame for, care about, complain about, complain of, confess to, consent to, consist in, consist of, count on, depend on, disapprove of, dream of, feel like, feel up to, forget about, forgive for, insist on, keep from, lead to, long for, look forward to, mean by, object to, pay for, persist in, prevent from, remind of, result in, return to, save from, succeed in, suspect of, take to, talk into, talk out of, thank for, think about, think of, work on, worry about».

They accused him of stealing their money.

Они обвинили его в краже их денег.

She blames him for losing her suitcase.

Она винит его в потере её чемодана.

Excuse me for interrupting you.

Извините меня за то, что прервал вас.

Thank you for coming.

Спасибо за то, что вы пришли.

He insists on buying a new car.

Он настаивает на покупке нового автомобиля.

He objected to selling the house.

Он возражал против продажи дома.

Compulsory vaccination prevented the disease from spreading.

Обязательная вакцинация предотвратила распространение этой болезни.

He talked them into investing in his project.

Он уговорил их вложить деньги в его проект.

We are looking forward to seeing you.

Мы с нетерпением ждём встречи с вами.

Gerund as prepositional object after adjectives

Герундий как предложное дополнение после прилагательных

Gerunds as prepositional objects are used after many adjectives and participles, for example, after «accused of, accustomed to, afraid of, angry at, annoyed at, ashamed of, aware of, capable of, careful about, concerned about, confident of, disappointed at, engaged in, excited about, experienced in, frightened of, fond of, furious at, good at, grateful for, interested in, proud of, responsible for, scared of, sorry for, successful in, sure of, surprised at, thankful for, tired of, be used to, worried about».

Герундий как предложное дополнение употребляется после многих прилагательных и причастий, например, после «accused of, accustomed to, afraid of, angry at, annoyed at, ashamed of, aware of, capable of, careful about, concerned about, confident of, disappointed at, engaged in, experienced in, frightened of, fond of, furious at, good at, grateful for, interested in, proud of, responsible for, scared of, sorry for, successful in, sure of, surprised at, thankful for, tired of, be used to, worried about».

I’m tired of arguing. He is afraid of going there. She is fond of listening to fairy tales. He was accused of stealing. He is proud of being a member of the team.

Я устала от споров (устала спорить). Он боится идти туда. Она любит слушать сказки. Его обвинили в краже. Он гордится тем, что он член команды.

She is interested in buying an apartment in this neighborhood.

Её интересует покупка квартиры в этом микрорайоне.

She was angry at being left alone at home.

Она злилась на то, что её оставили одну дома.

He was sorry for giving them so much trouble.

Он сожалел, что доставил им столько забот.

He is used to living alone. She is accustomed to getting up early.

Он привык жить один. Она привыкла вставать рано.

Lena was responsible for ordering food.

Лена была ответственной за заказ еды.

She is good at keeping secrets.

Она умеет хранить секреты.

These exercises are good for memorizing vowel combinations.

Эти упражнения хороши для запоминания сочетаний гласных.

Note: Gerunds without prepositions after adjectives

Примечание: Герундий без предлога после прилагательных

Note the use of gerunds without a preposition after the adjectives «worth, busy».

Обратите внимание на употребление герундия без предлога после прилагательных «worth, busy».

This dress is worth buying. This story is worth reading.

Это платье стоит купить. Этот рассказ стоит прочесть.

Is this film worth watching? No, this film is not worth watching.

Стоит смотреть этот фильм? Нет, этот фильм не стоит смотреть.

She is busy typing letters. He is busy repairing his car.

Она занята печатанием писем. Он занят ремонтом своего автомобиля.

Note: Gerunds and infinitives after adjectives

Примечание: Герундий и инфинитив после прилагательных

Gerunds and infinitives are used after many adjectives and participles. Gerunds are used after prepositions, mostly in constructions like «He is tired of waiting» described above. Infinitives are often used in constructions like «He is glad to see them» and «It is difficult to be a doctor». (See The Infinitive in the section Grammar.)

Герундий и инфинитив употребляются после многих прилагательных и причастий. Герундий употребляется после предлогов, в основном в конструкциях типа «He is tired of waiting» (Он устал ждать), описанных выше. Инфинитив часто употребляется в конструкциях типа «He is glad to see them» (Он рад видеть их) и «It is difficult to be a doctor» (Трудно быть врачом). (См. The Infinitive в разделе Grammar.)

Some adjectives and participles are followed by gerunds, some others by infinitives. After «afraid, annoyed, disappointed, frightened, proud, scared, surprised», there is not much difference in meaning between gerunds and infinitives. Compare:

За некоторыми прилагательными и причастиями следует герундий, за некоторыми другими инфинитив. После «afraid, annoyed, disappointed, frightened, proud, scared, surprised» нет большой разницы в значении между герундием и инфинитивом. Сравните:

He was surprised at hearing the news. – He was surprised to hear the news. (The gerund is more formal here; the infinitive is more common.)

Он был удивлён, услышав новости. – Он был удивлён, услышав новости. (Герундий здесь более официален; инфинитив более употребителен.)

He is afraid of losing his job. – He is afraid to lose his job. (Little difference in meaning.)

Он боится потерять работу. – Он боится потерять работу. (Небольшая разница в значении.)

In other cases of the use of gerunds and infinitives after the same adjectives and participles there is usually a noticeable difference in meaning. Compare:

В других случаях употребления герундия и инфинитива после одних и тех же прилагательных и причастий обычно есть заметная разница в значении. Сравните:

I’m sorry for keeping you waiting. I missed my bus. – I’m sorry to keep you waiting. I will be free in half an hour. (In relation to the action of the main verb, the gerund expresses a preceding action; the infinitive expresses a simultaneous action.)

Извините, что заставил вас ждать. Я пропустил свой автобус. – Извините, что заставляю вас ждать. Я освобожусь через полчаса. (По отношению к действию основного глагола, герундий выражает предшествующее действие; инфинитив выражает одновременное действие.)

She is good at driving. – It is good to know that / to hear that. (Difference in construction and meaning.)

Она хорошо водит машину. – Приятно знать это / слышать это. (Разница в конструкции и значении.)

Gerund as attribute

Герундий как определение

Gerunds in the function of attributes stand after the nouns that they modify, usually after the prepositions «of, for, in, at». The most frequently used preposition is «of».

Герундий в функции определения стоит после существительного, которое он определяет, обычно после предлогов «of, for, in, at». Наиболее часто употребляется предлог «of».

The gerund is preceded by «of» after the nouns «advantage, art, chance, cost, custom, danger, fear, feeling, habit, hope, idea, illusion, importance, intention, joy, luxury, misery, necessity, opportunity, pain, pleasure, possibility, process, prospect, question, risk, sensation, task, thought, way».

Перед герундием стоит предлог «of» после существительных «advantage, art, chance, cost, custom, danger, fear, feeling, habit, hope, idea, illusion, importance, intention, joy, luxury, misery, necessity, opportunity, pain, pleasure, possibility, process, prospect, question, risk, sensation, task, thought, way».

He has no intention of marrying her.

У него нет намерения жениться на ней.

The possibility of finding his cat was rather small. She is considering the possibility of moving to the South.

Вероятность найти его кошку была довольно мала. Она рассматривает возможность переезда на юг.

The cost of replacing the broken door was too high for his budget.

Стоимость замены сломанной двери была слишком высока для его бюджета.

The feeling of being watched haunted him all day.

Чувство, что за ним наблюдают, преследовало его весь день.

His older sister taught him the art of making hot cheese sandwiches.

Его старшая сестра научила его искусству делать горячие бутерброды с сыром.

After «excuse, motive, passion, reason», the gerund is preceded by «for». The preposition «for» is also used to indicate for what something is designed.

После «excuse, motive, passion, reason» герундию предшествует «for». Предлог «for» также употребляется, чтобы указать, для чего что-то предназначено.

Did she have any reason for doing that?

У неё была какая-то причина сделать это?

A key is an instrument for opening a door.

Ключ – это инструмент для открывания двери.

After «belief, difficulty, experience, harm, pleasure», the preposition «in» is used before the gerund.

После «belief, difficulty, experience, harm, pleasure» перед герундием употребляется предлог «in».

Did you have any difficulty in doing this exercise?

У вас были какие-либо трудности в выполнении этого упражнения?

He has five years’ experience in teaching.

У него пятилетний опыт в преподавании.

After «astonishment, pleasure, surprise», the preposition «at» is used before the gerund.

После «astonishment, pleasure, surprise» перед герундием употребляется предлог «at».

He could not conceal his surprise at seeing them together.

Он не смог скрыть своего удивления, увидев их вместе.

Note: Prepositions before gerunds

Примечание: Предлоги перед герундием

Nouns formed from phrasal verbs usually keep the same preposition. For example: to insist on buying – insistence on buying; to object to moving – objection to moving.

Существительные, образованные от фразовых глаголов, обычно сохраняют тот же предлог. Например: настаивать на покупке – настаивание на покупке; возражать против переезда – возражение против переезда.

If a noun is formed from a verb that requires a direct object, the preposition «of» is used before the gerund: to intend calling him – the intention of calling him.

Если существительное образовано от глагола, требующего прямого дополнения, употребляется предлог «of» перед герундием: намереваться позвонить ему – намерение позвонить ему.

The choice of a preposition also depends on the context. For example: the pleasure of walking; no pleasure in waiting; his pleasure at seeing her.

Выбор предлога также зависит от контекста. Например: удовольствие гулять; нет удовольствия в ожидании; его удовольствие при виде её.

Note: Gerunds and infinitives after nouns

Примечание: Герундий и инфинитив после существительных

Gerunds and infinitives as attributes are used after many nouns. Some nouns are followed by gerunds; some other nouns are followed by infinitives. For example: possibility of going there; hope of finding them; decision to stay here; no need to hurry.

Герундий и инфинитив как определения употребляются после многих существительных. За некоторыми существительными следует герундий, за некоторыми другими инфинитив. Например: возможность / вероятность поехать туда; надежда найти их; решение остаться здесь; нет необходимости спешить.

The gerund in such constructions is closer to the noun and often sounds like a description of an action (for example, opportunity of visiting); the infinitive is closer to the verb and often sounds like an action (for example, opportunity to visit).

Герундий в таких конструкциях ближе к существительному и часто звучит как описание действия (например, opportunity of visiting – возможность посещения); инфинитив ближе к глаголу и часто звучит как действие (например, opportunity to visit – возможность посетить).

In some cases, gerunds and infinitives are used after the same nouns, but the constructions are different. For example:

В некоторых случаях, герундий и инфинитив употребляются после одних и тех же существительных, но конструкции разные. Например:

The idea of talking it over with Tom seems interesting. – It might be a good idea to talk it over with Tom.

Идея обсудить это с Томом кажется интересной. – Возможно, неплохая идея обсудить это с Томом.

He made the mistake of laughing at them. – It was a mistake to laugh at them.

Он сделал ошибку, посмеявшись над ними. – Было ошибкой смеяться над ними.

There is little difference in meaning between gerunds and infinitives after the nouns «attempt, chance, excuse, intention, necessity, opportunity, way». (But there may be differences depending on the other meanings of the noun, and on the construction and context.) Compare:

Нет большой разницы в значении между герундием и инфинитивом после существительных «attempt, chance, excuse, intention, necessity, opportunity, way». (Но могут быть различия в зависимости от других значений существительного и от конструкции и контекста.) Сравните:

His attempt at getting out ended in failure. – His attempt to get out ended in failure. (The gerund is more formal here; the infinitive is more common.)

Его попытка выбраться закончилась неудачей. – Его попытка выбраться закончилась неудачей. (Герундий более официален здесь; инфинитив более употребителен.)

He had no excuse for being late / for being absent. – He wasn’t sick; it was just an excuse to leave early.

У него не было никакого оправдания для опоздания / для отсутствия. – Он не был болен; это был просто предлог уйти пораньше.

He had no intention of going there. – He had no intention to go there.

У него не было намерения идти туда. – У него не было намерения идти туда.

The necessity of writing a letter to Maria makes him nervous. – The necessity to write a letter to Maria makes him nervous.

Необходимость написания письма Марии нервирует его. – Необходимость написать письмо Марии нервирует его.

His way of thinking interests me. I’ll find some way of doing it. – That’s the way to do it. He found a way to spend less money on food.

Его образ мышления интересует меня. Я найду какой-нибудь способ сделать это. – Вот таким способом надо делать это. Он нашёл способ тратить меньше денег на еду.

She will have an opportunity of visiting Rome during her trip. – She will have an opportunity to visit Rome during her trip. (The infinitive is more common.)

У неё будет возможность посещения Рима во время её поездки. – У неё будет возможность посетить Рим во время её поездки. (Инфинитив более употребителен.)

They have a good chance of winning this game. (Chance as possibility.) – This is your chance to get a good job. You will have a chance to talk to him / a chance of talking to him. (Chance as opportunity.)

У них хорошие шансы выиграть эту игру. (Chance как вероятность.) – Это твой шанс получить хорошую работу. У вас будет возможность поговорить с ним. (Chance как возможность.)

Gerunds in set phrases

Герундий в устойчивых фразах

Note the use of the gerund after nouns in the following set expressions. The infinitive is not used in these cases.

Обратите внимание на употребление герундия после существительных в следующих устойчивых выражениях. Инфинитив не употребляется в этих случаях.

Mike is in charge of inviting guests.

Майк отвечает за приглашение гостей.

There was no point in going there.

Не было смысла идти туда.

There is no sense in waiting for them here.

Нет смысла ждать их здесь.

There is no harm in being careful.

В осторожности нет вреда.

I had no difficulty in finding their house.

Я без труда нашёл их дом.

He had difficulty finding a place to live.

Он с трудом нашёл жильё (место, где жить).

He had no difficulty / no trouble getting a credit card.

У него не было затруднений в получении кредитной карточки.

He had difficulty breathing.

Он с трудом дышал.

She had trouble hearing what he said.

Она с трудом услышала, что он сказал.

Gerunds in constructions after formal subject IT

Герундий в конструкциях после формального подлежащего IT

Gerunds are used after certain adjectives and nouns in constructions with the formal subject IT. On the whole, infinitives are more common in constructions with the formal subject IT.

Герундий употребляется после некоторых прилагательных и существительных в конструкциях с формальным подлежащим IT. В целом, инфинитив более употребителен в конструкциях с формальным подлежащим IT.

It is useless asking him. (It is useless to ask him.)

Бесполезно просить его. (Бесполезно просить его.)

It was nice seeing you. (When saying goodbye.) – It was nice to see you. (When saying goodbye.) – Hello! It is nice to see you. (When saying hello.)

Было приятно увидеться с вами. (Говорится при прощании.) – Было приятно увидеться с вами. (При прощании.) – Привет! Приятно видеть вас. (При встрече.)

It is worth talking to him. It’s worth doing it.

Стоит поговорить с ним. Стоит сделать это.

It’s not worth going there. It’s not worthwhile going there.

Не стоит ездить туда. Не стоит (потраченного времени) ездить туда.

It is no use talking about it. (It is no use to talk about it.)

Бесполезно говорить об этом. (Бесполезно говорить об этом.)

It is no good asking him for help. (It is no good to ask him for help.)

Бесполезно просить его о помощи. (Бесполезно просить его о помощи.)

Gerund as adverbial modifier

Герундий как обстоятельство

Gerunds in the function of adverbial modifiers are used after various prepositions, for example, after «after, before, on» to indicate when the action is performed; after «by» to indicate how (in what manner, with the help of what) the action is performed; after the prepositions «without, besides, instead of» to indicate accompanying events, etc.

Герундий в функции обстоятельства употребляется после различных предлогов, например, после «after, before, on» для указания, когда выполняется действие; после «by» для указания, как (каким образом, с помощью чего) выполняется действие; после предлогов «without, besides, instead of» для указания сопутствующих обстоятельств и т.д.

Let’s discuss it after eating.

Давайте обсудим это после еды.

I switched off the light before leaving.

Я выключила свет перед уходом.

On returning home he found the door open.

По возвращении домой он нашёл дверь открытой.

She spoiled the soup by adding too much salt and pepper.

Она испортила суп, добавив слишком много соли и перца.

He surprised us by saying a few words first in Chinese and then in French.

Он удивил нас, сказав несколько слов сначала на китайском, а затем на французском.

He passed them without saying hello.

Он прошёл мимо них, не поздоровавшись.

He boiled the eggs instead of frying them.

Он сварил яйца вместо того, чтобы пожарить их.

What did he do today besides playing computer games?

Что он сегодня делал кроме игры в компьютерные игры?

You can’t make an omelet without breaking eggs. (proverb)

Не разбив яиц, омлет не сделаешь. (т.е. Лес рубят – щепки летят.) (пословица)

He went to the meeting in spite of feeling sick.

Он пошёл на собрание несмотря на то, что чувствовал себя больным.

Gerunds as adverbial modifiers are used after the compound prepositions «for the purpose of; on the point of; in the event of; subject to», and some others, mostly in formal writing.

Герундий как обстоятельство употребляется после сложных предлогов «for the purpose of; on the point of; in the event of; subject to» и некоторых других, в основном в официальной письменной речи.

He went there for the purpose of seeing his brother. (He went there to see his brother.)

Он пошёл туда с целью увидеться со своим братом. (Он пошёл туда увидеться со своим братом.)

In the event of losing the key to your room, inform the manager immediately. (If you lose the key to your room, inform the manager immediately.)

В случае потери ключа от вашей комнаты, немедленно сообщите менеджеру. (Если вы потеряете ключ от вашей комнаты, немедленно сообщите менеджеру.)

Other cases of use

Другие случаи употребления

Gerund after «no»

Герундий после «no»

A gerund after «no» indicates that something is not allowed. For example: No parking. No littering. No smoking.

Герундий после «no» указывает, что что-то не разрешено. Например: Не парковаться. Не сорить. Не курить.

In sentences beginning with «there is», gerunds after «no» indicate that something is impossible or not allowed. For example:

В предложениях, начинающихся с «there is», герундий после «no» указывает, что что-то невозможно или не разрешено. Например:

There is no smoking here.

Здесь нельзя курить.

There is no accounting for tastes. (proverb)

О вкусах не спорят. (пословица)

There’s no denying that this situation really scares me.

Не стану отрицать, что эта ситуация очень пугает меня.

There was no arguing with him when he spoke in such a tone. (It was useless to argue with him when he spoke in such a tone.)

Было бесполезно спорить с ним, когда он говорил таким тоном. (Было бесполезно спорить с ним, когда он говорил таким тоном.)

Gerund as predicate

Герундий как сказуемое

Generally, the gerund is not used as the predicate. But gerunds are used as predicates in questions beginning with «what about» and «how about» and expressing suggestion, usually in everyday speech. For example:

Обычно, герундий не употребляется как сказуемое. Но герундий употребляется как сказуемое в вопросах, начинающихся с «what about» и «how about» и выражающих предложение-побуждение, обычно в разговорной речи. Например:

What about going to Spain this summer?

Как насчёт поездки в Испанию этим летом?

How about helping me in the kitchen?

Как насчёт того, чтобы помочь мне на кухне?

How about seeing Tony and Ella tomorrow?

Как насчёт того, чтобы увидеться с Тони и Эллой завтра?

Gerunds in compound nouns

Герундий в сложных существительных

A gerund is often used as the first component of compound nouns. The main stress is on the first component, that is, on the gerund.

Герундий часто употребляется как первый компонент сложных существительных. Главное ударение на первом компоненте, т.е. на герундии.

Usually, a gerund as the first component of a compound noun indicates for what something is used. For example, drinking water is water for drinking; a frying pan is a pan for frying; a parking lot is a place / a lot for parking cars; a writing desk is a desk for writing.

Обычно, герундий как первый компонент сложного существительного указывает, для чего используется что-то. Например, drinking water (питьевая вода) – вода для питья; frying pan – сковорода для жарки; parking lot – участок для парковки автомобилей; writing desk (письменный стол) – стол для письма.

More examples of gerunds in compound nouns: chewing gum, cleaning woman, fishing rod, living room, looking-glass, sewing machine, sleeping bag, swimming pool, walking stick, washing machine.

Ещё примеры герундия в сложных существительных: жевательная резинка, уборщица, удочка, жилая комната / гостиная, зеркало, швейная машина, спальный мешок, трость для ходьбы, стиральная машина.

Примерные тестовые задания
«Оценка знаний педагогов».

1-БЛОК: Английский язык
Задания с выбором одного правильного ответа

1. The synonym of “respect”:
A) look up to
B) look after
C) look down
D) look off
E) look for

2. Find the equivalent to “a dead body
of animal”:
A) carcass
B) turban
C) camisole
D) sole
E) famine

3. Complete the idiom: Walking on ..
A) hand
B) tongue
C) lip
D) air
E) eye

4. Give the equivalent: “having a pleasant flavour”
A) tasteless
B) bad
C) junk
D) good
E) tasteful

5. Find the word with the suffix meaning an acting person.
A) Written
B) Writer
C) Writing
D) Writability
E) Writness

6. Choose the correct variant:
Who will call you in the following situation.
You don’t know Italian, but you have to
translate an article from Italian.
A) engineer
B) locksmith
C) decorator
D) architect
E) interpreter

7. Choose the word with the opposite meaning «boring»
A) dull
B) funny
C) interesting
D) kind
E) clever

8. Suitable forms of the verbs:
If you… the job, you … more freedom.
A) get/would had
B) got / „d not have
C) get /would have
D) gets/ would have
E) got/will have

9. After the first bell rang, our teacher
__________us to the class.
A) invited
B) run away
C) disappear
D) leave
E) slip away

10. Sentence expressing purpose
A) A river which is polluted is not safe
for swimming
B) The road is too busy for the children
to cross safely
C) I haven‟t seen you for ages
D) The 1990 World Cup for football
was played in Italy
E) What are you looking for

11. William Shakespeare ____ in this house when he was a child
A) had lived
B) used to live
C) had been lived
D) was living
E) lives

12. Correct use of the articles
A) There is woman at the bus stop.
B) Can I ask question?
C) There was a interesting programme
on TV last night
D) Rachel works in bank.
E) I have not got a computer.

13. Choose the equivalent:
I wish I was rich.
A) If I‟ll be rich
B) If I have rich
C) If I‟ve been rich
D) If only I was rich
E) If I‟m rich

14. Choose the right preposition:
She was standing ______ the front
door.
A) in
B) of
C) at
D) off
E) on

15. Forms of the verb:
A) mistake, mistook, mistaken
B) sell, selled, sold
C) say, said, sayed
D) shine, shone, shinen
E) ride, rode, rode

16. Correct use of pronouns
I haven‟t got any stamps, but I‟ll need-________.
A) it
B) some
C) them
D) ones
E) any

17. The correct variant of the number
«9,000,000»
A) nine thousands and hundreds
B) nine thousands and a hundred
C) nine million
D) nine thousand and hundred
E) nine milhons

18. Choose the right sentence:
A) Sue is lawyer like her father
B) Sue is a lawyer so as her father
C) Sue is a lawyer like her father
D) Sue is a lawyer as if her father
E) Sue is a lawyer likes her father

19. Choose the uncountable noun
A) ground
B) game
C) garden
D) giraffe
E) gymnasium

20. Fill in the gap:
Have you _______ money on you?
A) nothing
B) anything
C) any
D) some
E) every

21. The correct answer:
What does he want to be?
A) He want to be a singer
B) You know my father is an
economist
C) Our classmates want to become
interpreters
D) He wants to become a singer
E) I’ll see if the money goes towards
buying goods

22. Choose the correct variant. 2 ½ tons
A) two and one tons
B) second and a half tons
C) two tons and a half
D) two and two half tons
E) two and a half tons

23. Choose the correct sentences
A) I heard the mans‟ voice.
B) She won‟t spend a month‟s salary to
buy that dress.
C) Have you met Toms‟ friend?
D) Their husbands‟ names are Nick and
David.
E) Do they sell the womens‟ clothes?

24. Complete the sentence:
Did___________exciting happen?
A) anything
B) any
C) everything
D) some
E) something

25. Choose the correct variant.
0.03 — …………..
A) point nought three
B) nought point three
C) point nought third
D) nought three
E) nought point nought three

26. The telegram was received
yesterday
A) Past Perfect Passive
B) Past simple Passive
C) Past Continuous Passive
D) Past simple Active
E) Past Perfect

27. the noun in plural is:
Our__________are_________
A) Childrens/brothers
B) Childs/brothers
C) Children/brothers
D) Children/brother
E) Child/brothers

28. The new computer system ___ next
month
A) will be installed
B) are being installed
C) have been installed
D) been installed
E) be installed

29. Verb used with Complex Object
A) start
B) finish
C) agree
D) would like
E) mean

30.I _____ wait for her at the railway
station, but I was late.
A) had to
B) amto
C) was to
D) may
E) might

31. The tenses are used correctly in the
sentence
A) Mr. Johnson reads your report as
soon as he comes in
B) Mr. Johnson reads your report as
soon as he will come in
C) Mr. Johnson will read your report as
soon as he comes in
D) Mr. Johnson will read your report as
soon as he салю in
E) Mr. Johnson will read your report as
soon as he will come in

32. Choose an unreal conditional
sentence:
A) If you do that again, I‟ll punish you.
B) If I am an astronaut, I‟d travel all
the planets.
C) If I was an astronaut, I‟d travel all
the planets.
D) If you did that again, I‟ll punish
you.
E) If I were an astronaut, I‟d travel all
the planets.

33. Complete the sentence with the
correct article:
love is a perfectly natural human
feeling.
A) a
B) the
C) —
D) this
E) an

34. The correct article is:
If you are hungry or thirsty you may go
to_______refre shment room
A) an
B) the
C) this
D) a
E) —

35. Find the conditional sentence:
A) If you need any help, call me
B) I‟ll come at 8 o‟clock
C) We had the house decorated
D) She takes after her mother
E) The plan to built a house

36. Change into indirect speech:
“What‟s the time”? She asked.
A) She asked what‟s the time
B) She askedwhat time it was
C) She asked what was the time
D) She asked what time
F) She asked what time was it
E) She asked what is it

37. Complete the sentence:
My father _______ drive a car.
A) let to me
B) lets me
C) let me
D) lets me to
E) let me to

38. Fill in a suitable form of the verb:
I want you ______ the truth.
A) to have told
B) to tell
C) to telling
D) told
E) tellin

39. Sentence with Complex Subject
A) The girl is expected to be wearing a
white jacket and black shirt
B) Hot weather makes me feel tired
C) Would you like to go now
D) We expected Dan to be late
E) He doesn‟t want anybody to know

40. The right equivalent:
-Why are you going out?
-1 want to telephone my mother.
He
A) wanted to telephone to his mother
B) is going out to telephone his mother
C) telephoned his mother
D) will to telephone to his mother
E) want to telephone to his mother

41. Scientists are planning to send …
.expedition to… .Venus during….2020
A) the, the,-
B) an, the,-
C) an, the, the
D) an, an,-
E) the,the, the

42. Complete the sentence:
We agreed _______
A) to going
B) should go
C) going
D) go
E) to go

43. Complete the sentence:
The traffic lights ……….. green and he
pulled away.
A) gone
B) turns
C) turned
D) became
E) got

44. Define the underlined word.
Alice can‟t be abroad. I have seen her
this morning.
A) modal verb
B) infinitive
C) gerund
D) participle
E) adverb

45. Use the correct Modal Verb:
She … know his address.
A) used
B) is able to
C) must
D) ought
E) could to

46. Report the sentence: „Have you seen
John recently?‟ She asked us
A) She asked us whether they had seen
John recently
B) She asked us whether have we seen
John recently
C) She asked us whether they have
seen John recently
D) She asked us whether had we seen
John recently
E) She asked us whether we had seen
John recently

47. Find the zero conditional:
A) present simple, if present simple
B) if present simple, future simple
C) past simple, would + infinitive
D) present simple, past simple
E) if past perfect, would + present
infinitive

48. We aren‟t hungry. We … just…
lunch.
A) have have
B) have had
C) has had
D) had had
E) had —

49. Join the sentences:
She is the one. I told you about her
A) Is one who I told her
B) Is whom I told you
C) She is the one I told you about
D) I told you about her
E) She is the girls I told you

50. The correct use of linking word
Robert didn‟t study for the test; _ __he
did very well.
A) therefore
B) nevertheless
C) unless
D) moreover
E) consequently

Задания с выбором одного или нескольких правильных ответов
51. Choose the words with the sound
[tʃ] A) School
B) Character
C) Picture
D) Chair
E) China
F) Architect
G) Chemistry
H) Which

52. If a preposition is followed by a
verb, the verb ends in -ing:
A) along
B) instead of
C) under
D) for
E) of
F) at

53. Sentences with Gerund
A) I can‟t get used to leaving alone.
B) His handwriting is very hard to read
C) This success marked the beginning
of a new phase in his career.
D) Drinking alcohol is veiy bad for
you.
E) His greatest pleasure is dancing
F) My favorite activity is smoking
G) I remember locking the door
H) What do you think of going abroad

54. Find an adverb of degree:
A) carefully
B) angry
C) quite
D) downstairs
E) wonderful
F) a bit

55. Choose the correct way of reading
the date:
1567
A) one thousand five hundred and
sixty-seven
B) fifteen the sixty-seventh
C) the fifteen and sixty-seven
D) fifteen sixty-seventh
E) fifteen sixty-seven
F) fifteen and sixty-seven

56. Complete the sentence with the
correct form of adjective:
Friendship is ______ than steel.
A) stronger
B) strongerer
C) the most strong
D) more stronger
E) strongest
F) the stronger

57. These verbs have the structure
without to
A) make
B) let
C) would rather
D) want
E) must
F) can
G) expect

58. Choose the right variant:
A) a men
B) a people
C) a women
D) the rich
E) a children
F) the unemployed

59. The sentence with Participle II:
A) I often saw her at the disco,
surrounded by her admires
B) The watches made in Japan are very
popular
C) He left the room without saying a
word
D) She is driving a car at this moment
E) She watered the flowers and left the
room
F) It was raining all day long

60. I‟m tired. I‟d rather ______ out this
evening, if you don‟t mind
A) to go
B) not to go
C) not go
D) not going
E) doesn‟t go
F) don‟t go

Контекстные задания
1-контекст
5 заданий с выбором одного правильного ответа
Oscar Wilde
Oscar Wilde is a famous English
writer of the 19th century, Oscar Wilde
was bom in Dublin, Ireland, in 1854.
His mother wrote poetry, and she taught
him to love literature.
He was educated at Trinity
College, Dublin and Magdalen College,
Oxford. Soon after leaving university
his first volume of poetry, «Patience»
was published.
Oscar Wilde married Constance
Lloyd in 1884 and the couple had two
sons. When the boys were children
Wilde wrote fairy stories for them that
were later published as «The Happy
Prince and Other Tales» (1888).
Wilde‟s tales are very beautiful.
This was followed two years later by
the novel, «The Picture of Dorian Gray»
(1890) and a book on the role of the
artist, «The Soul of Man under
Socialism” (1891). However, it was a
playwright that Wilde had his greatest
success. Comedies such as «Lady
Windermere’s Fan» (1892), «A Woman
of No Importance» (1893), «An Ideal
Husband» (1895) and «The Importance
of Being Earnest» (1895) made him one
of Britain’s most famous writers. By
1895 Wilde had left his wife.
Wilde was publicly accused by the
Marquis of Queens berry. Wilde sued
for libel but he lost his case and was
then himself prosecuted and
imprisoned.
After being released from Reading
Prison in 1897 Wilde moved to France.
The following year he wrote «The
Ballad of Reading Gaol» a poem
inspired by his prison experience.
Wilde’s time in prison badly damaged
his health and he died in 1900.
His books are read and his plays
are staged in many countries and in
many languages.
61. Which of his novel made him one of
the outstanding writers in Great Britain
A) «The Importance of Being Earnest»
B) «The Soul of Man under Socialism»
C) «A Woman of No Importance»
D) «Lady Windermere’s Fan»
E) «The Picture of Dorian Gray»

62. «The Picture of Dorian Gray» is a
novel about
A) the man who was always young and
his picture grew old and ugly.
B) the man who was cruel to his
servants
C) the man who lived in the farm and
killed his slaves
D) the man who secretly helped poor
people
E) the man who had magic power and
he could solve any problems

63. In 1900
A) Wilde got sick
B) Wilde was imprisoned
C) Wilde wrote his best novel.
D) Wilde got sick and died.
E) Wilde lost his wife

64. Wilde was imprisoned because
A) Wilde wanted Marquis of
Queensbeny to be imprisoned.
B) Wilde lost the case against Marquis
of Queensbeny.
C) Wilde blamed Marquis of
Queensbeny in libel.
D) Marquis of Queensbeny blamed
Wilde in immoral behaviour.
E) Marquis of Queensbeny sued Wilde
for libel.

65. According to the text
A) Oscar Wilde‟s mother taught him in
Trinity colle ge.
B) Oscar Wilde wrote only fairy tales.
C) Oscar Wilde had good education.
D) Oscar Wilde had three children.
E) Oscar Wilde died in Reading Prison.

Контекстные задания
2-контекст
5 заданий с выбором одного правильного ответа

The friendliest country in the
world
A new report shows which are the
friendliest countries in the world. The
HSBC bank the Expat Explorer Survey
to find out which countries offered the
most comfortable lifestyles. Researches
questioned people in one hundred
different countries between May and
July 2011. They asked 3.385
respondents to find out which countries
they would prefer to make there second
home. The questions were based on
how easy it is to make friends with the
local people; learning the local
language, fitting in with the new
culture, and integrating into the local
community. The top-ranked country
was New Zealand, followed by
Australia, South Africa, Canada and the
United States.
The largest global survey allows
us to capture invaluable insights into
expat life and how it differs from
country to country, continent to
continent and from an expats‟ home
country of origin. The lowest ranked
country w as The United Arab
Emirates, which is surprising as around
80 % of the whole population
comprises of expatriates. Most of these
poorly paid labourers who are unlikely
to be eligible for HSBC‟s survey. India
finished second bottom.
66. One of the friendliest country is ..
A) United Arabian Emirates
B) India
C) New Zealand
D) Austria
E) Russia

67. The survey was to find out __ .
A) the integration into local community
B) the difficulties of the local language
C) the country which could be the
second home
D) the unfriendliest country
E) the most comfortable lifestyle

68. In the United Arabian Emirates 20%
of the population is
A) habbitants
B) labourers
C) natives
D) expatriates
E) patriots

69. expatriates‟ means
A) someone who lives in a particular place
B) someone who was born in a particular place
C) someone who lives in a foreign
country
D) someone who leaves their country
because of war
E) someone whose job involves hard
physical work

70. The lowest ranked country was
United Arabian Emirates, because ….
A) the labourers have low salary
B) HSBC‟s survey was not eligible
C) 80 % of population are labourers
D) the labourers were not eligible
enough for the survey
E) 80 % of the population didn‟t take
part in the survey

Сегодня мы потренируем употребление герундия и инфинитива в английском языке.

Перед выполнением упражнений рекомендую ознакомиться с уроком:

  • Правила употребления инфинитива и герундия в английском языке

В этом уроке 8 упражнений с ответами на тренировку герундия vs инфинитива.

Let’s go!

Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски правильной формой глагола из скобок

герундий и инфинитив в английском языке

Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в форму инфинитива (с to) или герундия

Упражнение 3. Выберите и напишите инфинитив с to или без to

Упражнение 4. Соедините части предложений, чтобы получилось одно целое

Упражнение 5.  Заполните пропуски словами из рамочки в форме инфинитива (с to или без to) или герундия

  sleep          do            help          call          wake up           eat             work           spend            watch              be

Упражнение 6.  Заполните пропуски словами, подходящими по смыслу

Упражнение 7. Поставьте глагол в скобках в форму инфинитива (с to или без to) или герундия

Упражнение 8. Выберите правильную форму глагола

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  • Упражнения на согласование времен

What is a gerund?

A gerund is the “-ing” form of a verb when it functions grammatically as a noun in a sentence. Gerunds are identical in appearance to present participles, but they are not used to form tenses of the verb or provide adjectival information.

Gerunds can either stand alone, or they can take a noun (the object of the gerund) and/or modifier(s) to form a gerund phrase.

Functions in a sentence

Because they act like nouns, gerunds can be used as the subject of a sentence, the subject complement of the linking verb be, the object of a preposition, or the object of a verb. They can also be used to form compound nouns.

As the subject

Just like a normal noun, a gerund or gerund phrase can be the subject of a sentence. For example:

  • Swimming is an excellent form of exercise!” (gerund only)
  • Eating vegetables gives you a lot of extra energy.” (gerund + object)
  • Studying too hastily will result in a poor grade.” (gerund + adverb(s))
  • Reading romantic literature proves to be an unpopular pastime among academics.” (gerund + adjective + noun)
  • Working from home allows me to spend more time with my family.” (gerund + prepositional phrase)

Adverbs modifying gerunds

Notice that in our third example, the gerund studying is being modified by an adverb, hastily (itself modified by too). Likewise, working in the last example is modified by the adverbial prepositional phrase from home.

This may seem contradictory, since gerunds act like nouns, and adverbs can’t modify nouns. However, in this case, it is the gerund phrase that is functioning as a noun, so the gerund itself can still be modified by an adverb in the same way as a normal verb.

Present participial clauses

It’s often easy to confuse present participles for gerunds because they look identical and operate in very similar ways. For instance, the present participles of verbs can be used to create dependent clauses that modify the rest of the sentence. For example:

  • Singing in the shower, I was oblivious to the doorbell ringing.” (I was singing.)
  • Having seen the movie before, I wouldn’t want to see it again.”

Although they look quite similar, these clauses function like adjectives, whereas the gerund phrases we looked at above act like nouns functioning as the subjects of their sentences.

As a subject complement

Like predicative adjectives, gerunds can act as subject complements after the linking verb be. In this case, the gerund acts as a kind of modifier that gives more information about the sentence’s subject. For example:

  • “My main responsibility here is operating the forklift.” (operating complements the noun responsibility)
  • “My favorite thing about being in Japan is eating sushi.” (eating complements thing)
  • “The best thing in life is spending time with loved ones.

Again, we have to be careful that we don’t mistake a gerund for the present participle of a verb. This can be easy to do, because the present participle is paired with the verb be to form the present continuous tense and the past continuous tense of verbs, as in:

  • “I am running five miles tomorrow.” (present continuous tense)
  • “I heard you are operating the forklift at work now.” (present continuous tense)
  • “I was singing in the shower when the doorbell rang.” (past continuous tense)
  • “She was eating dinner when I called.” (past continuous tense)

Remember that a gerund or gerund phrase functions as a noun—if the sentence still makes grammatical sense after the word or phrase is replaced by a normal noun, then we are dealing with a gerund; if it does not make sense after being replaced by a normal noun, then it is a present participle.

As objects

Of prepositions

Gerunds are used as the objects of prepositions to describe an action that modifies another action, thus creating adverbial prepositional phrases. These can occur at the beginning, middle, or end of the sentence. For example:

  • After sneezing, I always get the hiccups.”
  • “I’m going to improve my health by running six miles every night.”
  • “She started going crazy from so much waiting.”
  • “He’s not against marrying me, he just isn’t ready.”

Of verbs

Gerunds can also act as the direct object of some verbs. Here a few examples:

  • “Do you mind watching my seat for me while I go to the bathroom?”
  • “I really love hiking in the mountains.”
  • “I enjoy eating at restaurants, but Jenny prefers cooking at home.”
  • “He remembered turning off the oven, but his husband thought he’d left it on.”
  • “They couldn’t help feeling sorry for Bob.”

Of phrasal verbs

Just like they do with normal verbs, gerunds can also function as the object of phrasal verbs. For example:

  • “I am counting on getting tickets to that new movie.”
  • “They’re looking forward to meeting you later.”

Forming compound nouns

Gerunds can be paired with regular nouns to become compound nouns, as in:

  • “His new running shoes were already covered in mud.”
  • “I’m hoping she can give me a helping hand.”
  • “The working conditions are very poor here.”

These are distinct from gerund phrases, in which the noun is functioning as the object of the gerund, as in our previous example of “Eating vegetables is good for your health.”

They should also not be confused with present participles that are functioning as adjectives. Though they look quite similar, adjectival present participles imply action on the part of the noun being modified. For example:

  • “She soothed the crying baby.” (The baby is crying).
  • “The speeding car crashed into the tree.” (The car was speeding.)

Chapter Sub-sections

  • Gerunds as Objects of Verbs

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